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King Arthur's messianic return
King Arthur's messianic return is an aspect of the legend of King Arthur, the mythical 6th-century British king. Few historical records of Arthur remain, and there are doubts that he ever existed, but he achieved a mythological stature that gave rise to a growing literature about his life and deeds. One recurrent aspect of Arthurian literature was the notion that he would one day return in the role of a messiah to save his people.
==Origins==
The possibility of Arthur's return is first mentioned by William of Malmesbury in the early 12th century: "But Arthur’s grave is nowhere seen, whence antiquity of fables still claims that he will return."〔O. J. Padel, "The Nature of Arthur" in ''Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies'' 27 (1994), pp.1-31 at p.10〕 In the "Miracles of St. Mary of Laon" (''De Miraculis Sanctae Mariae Laudensis''), written by a French cleric named Herman in c. 1145 AD, but referring to events that occurred in 1113 AD, mention is made of the Breton and Cornish belief that Arthur still lived.〔Coe, Jon and Young, Simon, Celtic Sources for the Arthurian Legend, Llanerch, 1995, pp. 44-47.〕 As Constance Bullock-Davies demonstrated, various non-Welsh sources indicate that this belief in Arthur's eventual messianic return was extremely widespread amongst the Britons from the 12th century onwards. How much earlier than this it existed is still debated – it was often linked to the expulsion of the English and Normans from Britain.〔William of Newburgh and others mocked the Britons for this: "most of the Britons are thought to be so dull that even now they are said to be awaiting the coming of Arthur." C. Bullock-Davies, "''Exspectare Arthurum'', Arthur and the Messianic Hope" in ''Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies'' 29 (1980–82), pp.432–40; T. Green, ''Concepts of Arthur'' (Stroud: Tempus, 2007), pp.72-5; the ''Englynion y Beddau'' reference to the absence of a grave for Arthur suggests that he was considered unkilled and unkillable, but there is no indication that he was expected to return in this poem: A. O. Jarman (ed.), ''Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin'' (University of Wales Press, 1982), p. lix. ''Anoeth bit bed y arthur'': the stanza can be found in poem 18.133-5. ISBN 0-7083-0629-2.〕 This did, in fact, remain a powerful aspect of the Arthurian legend through the medieval period and beyond. So John Lydgate in his ''Fall of Princes'' (1431–8) notes the belief that Arthur "shall resorte as lord and sovereyne Out of fayrye and regne in Breteyne" and Philip II of Spain apparently swore, at the time of his marriage to Mary I of England in 1554, that he would resign the kingdom if Arthur should return.〔R. S. Loomis, "The Legend of Arthur’s Survival" in R. S. Loomis (ed.) ''Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959), pp.64–71 at pp.64–5〕
A number of locations were suggested for where Arthur would actually return ''from''. The earliest-recorded suggestion was Avalon. Geoffrey of Monmouth asserted that Arthur "was mortally wounded" at Camlann but was then carried "to the Isle of Avallon (''insulam Auallonis'') to be cured of his wounds", with the implication that he would at some point be cured and return therefrom made explicit in Geoffrey's later ''Vita Merlini''.〔Geoffrey of Monmouth, ''Historia Regum Britanniae'' Book 11.2; Geoffrey of Monmouth, ''Life of Merlin: Vita Merlini'' ed. and trans. B. Clarke (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1973)〕 Another tradition held that Arthur was awaiting his return beneath some mountain or hill. First referenced by Gervase of Tilbury in his ''Otia Imperialia'' (c.1211), this was maintained in British folklore into the 19th century and Loomis and others have taken it as a tale of Arthur's residence in an underground (as opposed to an overseas) Otherworld.〔R. S. Loomis, "The Legend of Arthur’s Survival" in R. S. Loomis (ed.) ''Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959), pp.64–71 at pp.68–71〕 Other less common concepts include the idea that Arthur was absent leading the Wild Hunt, or that he had been turned into a crow or raven.〔T. Green, ''Concepts of Arthur'' (Stroud: Tempus, 2007), pp.259, 261-2; T. Green, ("The Historicity and Historicisation of Arthur" ), fn.22 from ''Arthurian Resources'', retrieved on 14-03-2008〕
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